Landscape territorial structures: features within urban areas.
Environmental safety in industry
The main task for the near future is to prevent an increase in pollution and depletion of natural objects.
Solving the problems of technogenic and ecological safety requires:
Restructuring of the technogenic environment, technical re-equipment of the production complex on the basis of the introduction of the newest scientific achievements, energy and resource-saving technologies, waste-free and ecologically safe technological processes, application of renewable energy sources, solution of problems of disposal and use of all types of waste; establishment of effective ecological control over research works on creation of objects of artificial origin, their design, construction and functioning for the purpose of management of technogenic loadings, rational use of natural resources and placement of productive forces; classification of regions of Ukraine according to the levels of technogenic and ecological loads, creation of maps of technogenic and ecological loads; development of a methodology for determining the degree of environmental risk to the environment caused by man-made objects; conducting research to create a system of models for monitoring control of objects of observation in industry, energy, construction, transport and agriculture.
Metallurgical industry. Based on world experience and systematic analysis of environmental problems of the metallurgical complex, the strategic activities in this area are:
complex structural restructuring of the industry; increasing the efficiency of raw materials and energy resources to the world level; reducing the share of products received in open-hearth production and expanding the use of converter production; transition to environmentally friendly technologies in the main links of the production chain of the metallurgical cycle.
The program for solving environmental problems of the metallurgical industry should include:
conducting an in-depth environmental audit at all metallurgical complexes in Ukraine; development of ecologically-oriented criteria for structural restructuring of the metallurgical complex of Ukraine, which would be based on the results of the audit of the metallurgical industry; development of a program of priority measures in the metallurgical complex in order to reduce emissions of particulate matter into the air and improve the quality of the environment; improvement of normative-methodical means of regulation of pollutant emissions of metallurgical industry; development and implementation of a mechanism for harmonizing the level of allowable emissions with the pace of modernization of technologies and structural adjustment in the metallurgical industry; implementation of a set of programs for processing and utilization of solid waste.
Chemical and petrochemical industry. Given the directions of development of the industry, namely:
improving the structure of the industry, developing priority areas for its development; development of domestic mineral resource base; creation of productions of basic products; introduction of science-intensive technologies aimed at integrated use of raw materials, energy resources and target products, strategic objectives of the program are: development and implementation of advanced low-waste and waste-free resource-saving technologies; comprehensive treatment of gas emissions and wastewater with simultaneous disposal of seized products and their further processing; conducting scientific and technical work aimed at reducing emergencies and their prevention at the enterprises of the industry; development and implementation of programs to create highly efficient systems for the treatment of gas emissions and wastewater; implementation of integrated waste recycling programs; implementation of programs for decommissioning of productions with ecologically imperfect technologies in the whole technological cycle.
Oil and gas and oil refining industry. To address issues in this area it is necessary:
carry out comprehensive certification of oil and gas facilities; develop measures to improve the environmental safety of technological processes at these facilities; make changes and additions to the current norms of technological design and operation of oil and gas and oil refining industries on issues related to the requirements of environmental safety and environmental protection; to develop and implement in production technological programs of processing of waste and the fulfilled oil products for the purpose of improvement of an ecological condition of environment; to introduce into production technologies to reduce emissions of volatile organic compounds into the atmosphere; to develop complex technologies of water and soil purification from hydrocarbon pollution; develop and implement a system for assessing and forecasting the spread of groundwater pollution by oil and petroleum products; to develop normative documents on the definition and calculation of harmful emissions from the main sources of the oil refining industry.
There are also problems of the external level, they relate to the use of products of the oil refining and gas complex (gasoline, diesel fuel, fuel oil, gas) in other sectors of the economy and are primarily related to the low quality of fuel produced.
To solve these problems it is necessary:
stop the production of petroleum products containing lead compounds; increase the depth of oil refining by building catalytic reformers at major refineries; to introduce technological processes of hydrotreating of diesel and aviation fuel with simultaneous sulfur vortex at oil refineries; to develop technologies for the production of motor fuel from alternative types of raw materials; to develop and implement methods and technologies for the use of gas and alternative fuels in transport.
Mechanical engineering industry. The basis for the implementation of environmental policy in the industry should be:
significant reduction of pollutant emissions of machine-building enterprises in the environment; introduction of ecologically clean technologies in all directions of activity of machine-building production, in particular the decision of questions of utilization and neutralization of toxic wastes of galvanic production.
Mining industry. To solve environmental problems in the mining industry it is necessary:
to carry out modernization and technical re-equipment of the enterprises of the branch; to develop and implement systems of preventive technological monitoring of the natural environment at objects with increased ecological risk; increase the production of thermal coal as a result of reducing the production of coking coal; to improve technological processes of wet coal beneficiation in order to effectively remove sulfur from it; to develop and implement technological processes and equipment for the use of the energy potential of mine methane; to develop and implement technological schemes of purification and use of mineralized mine waters; develop and implement technologies and equipment for the use of waste heaps in order to obtain from them raw materials for the construction industry; to provide separate storage of overburden for the purpose of their further effective use for production of construction and other types of materials and production; to ensure in the coming years the extinguishing of waste heaps, as well as the development of the bookmark rock waste space of the mines; develop and implement environmentally friendly methods of mine conservation.
Construction. The purpose of environmental activities in construction is to normalize the living conditions of the population and improve the state of natural-territorial complexes of Ukraine, which are in a crisis ecological state.
To form a list of tasks of specific programs, it is necessary to conduct an environmental audit of the crisis areas of Ukraine, to determine a set of environmental requirements for urban planning measures in order to achieve control levels of the environment.
To solve these problems it is necessary:
1.to conduct an environmental audit of crisis areas of Ukraine, including determination of control levels of pollution of territories that are norms for territories for the next 1 – 3 years, and the possibility of their actual achievement, priority eco-audit in highly urbanized areas and cities;
2.to develop town-planning measures aimed at bringing the territories out https://123helpme.me/write-my-lab-report/ of the crisis:
to an eco-audit taking into account changes in the structure of land use in the direction of increasing the conduct territories of national nature parks, recreation areas; determine a set of urban planning measures to achieve control levels of the environment;
3.take measures to save resources:
limit the use of natural minerals, the need for which can be met as a result of the use of secondary and renewable resources; develop and implement programs for the creation and production of new resource-saving building materials and structures;
4.take measures to prevent emissions and discharges of pollutants:
develop comprehensive programs for the implementation of waste-free and environmentally friendly technologies; develop and implement mobile, light, environmentally friendly and low-energy construction equipment and mechanized tools;
5.develop and implement architectural and planning measures, measures to protect individual objects, to reorient the infrastructure measures of territories: to address the priority deconcentration of decision-making in environmental, economic and planning aspects;
6.develop measures to prevent the consequences of emergencies and their elimination in places with high population density.
The most dangerous in the ecological aspect of the building materials industry is the cement industry, whose enterprises pollute the environment the most. Therefore, it is necessary to create a special program to significantly reduce the impact of cement companies on the environment.
literature
Life safety: Sat. norms. dock. on the preparation of student youth in the field of protection against emergencies / Ed. MM Dzybova. – M .: DyK, 1998. – 700 pp. Olshanska OV Economic and ecological problems of the Northern Black Sea region / NAS of Ukraine; Council for the Study of the Productive Forces of Ukraine. – K., 1999 .– 35 p.
05/01/2011
